- A Broken System
- The Gunner Solution
The Gunner Solution: Knowledge Retention
Focus on Knowledge Retention, Not Just Acquisition
If the aim of medical education is to produce physicians who are capable of delivering high-quality medical care throughout their careers, the responsibility of educators does not end after knowledge acquisition. In fact, acquisition only marks the beginning of the knowledge management process.
Thankfully, research in educational psychology and neuroscience has proven that one method—Spaced Learning—can not only help us acquire knowledge more rapidly and completely, but also make it easier to retain our mastery over time.
Spaced Learning Works in Medicine
Five randomized, controlled trials at Harvard Medical School demonstrate that Spaced Training improves retention of medical knowledge:
- Spaced education improves the retention of clinical knowledge by medical students. Medical Education, Jan. 2007
- Interactive spaced education to assess and improve knowledge of clinical practice guidelines. Annals of Surgery, May 2009
- Online spaced education to teach urology to medical students. American Journal of Surgery, Jan. 2009
- Interactive spaced-education to teach the physical examination. Journal of General Internal Medicine, July 2008
- Randomized, controlled trial of spaced education to urology residents in the United States and Canada. Journal of Urology, April 2007
To show that Spaced Learning was useful even within a short time frame, another randomized controlled trial at Harvard Medical School compared Spaced Learning to traditional web-based modules during a 10-week program. The trial found that, not only was Spaced Learning just as good at teaching the material, but the majority of students preferred Spaced Learning over the traditional web-based course.
- Interactive spaced education versus web based modules for teaching urology to medical students. Journal of Urology, June 2008
The molecular mechanisms underlying Spaced Learning’s ability to induce long-term memory is an area of active inquiry at leading research institutions such as Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and the results have been published in prestigious journals such as Cell and Neuron.
- The Phosphatase SHP2 Regulates the Spacing Effect for Long-Term Memory Induction Cell, Oct. 2009
- PKC differentially translocates during spaced and massed training in Aplysia. Journal of Neuroscience, Aug. 2009
- Neurogenesis and the spacing effect: Learning over time enhances memory and the survival of new neurons. Learning & Memory, May 2007
- Drosophila α/β Mushroom Body Neurons Form a Branch-Specific, Long-Term Cellular Memory Trace after Spaced Olfactory Conditioning Neuron, Dec. 2006



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